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Landsberg/Lechsearch for term

One of the subsidiary camps of the KauferingA complex of eleven subcamps of the Dachau concentration camp, existing from June 1944 to the End of April 1945. subcamp complex attached to the DachauThe first durable concentration camp, near Munich, Germany, opened in late March 1933. At first, political opponents were interned in Dachau. Gradually more groups were incarcerated there. In Dachau, there was no mass extermination program, but out of a total of 206,206 registered prisoners, there were 31,591 registered deaths. However, the total number of deaths in Dachau, including victims of individual and mass executions and death marches, will never be fully known. On April 29, 1945, the camp was liberated by units of the U.S. Seventh Army. concentration camp, where nearly 30,000 prisoners (mostly Jews) worked as forced laborers to build underground airplane factories. American troops liberated Landsberg on April 27, 1945. After the war, Landsberg became a displaced personsA survivor of a concentration or labor camp. Millions of displaced persons were encountered by the Allies when they entered the German Reich, most were repatriated within the first four months of the war's end. camp for about 6,000 people, 5,000 of whom were Jews. Landsberg was the prison where Hitler wrote "Mein Kampf" during his imprisonment from 1923-1924. After December 1946, the prison held 1,600 Nazi war criminals awaiting trial and sentencing in the American zone of occupation.

Law Reestablishing the Civil Servicesearch for term

The Law for the Reestablishment of the Civil Service was passed on April 7, 1933, and resulted by the summer of 1933 in the compulsory firing of all non-Aryans and political objectors in the civil service, including university professors, judges, and physicians in non-private Krankenkassen (physicians employed by state insurance system).

Synonyms: Berufsbeamtengesetz, Gesetz zur Wiederherstellung des Berufsbeamtentums
Lidicesearch for term

Village in the Protectorate of Bohemia and MoraviaThe German designation for the territories of Czechoslovakia occupied by the Wehrmacht on March 16, 1939., liquidated in retaliation for the assassination of Reinhard Heydrich1904-1942. Head of the SS Security Service. In 1939, Heydrich combined the SD and the Security Police into the Central Office for Reich Security. He organized the Einsatzgruppen [task forces] and was asked by Göring to "implement the final solution." In 1941, Heydrich was appointed Protector of Bohemia and Moravia. On May 27, 1942, he was fatally wounded by Czech partisans. In retaliation for his assassination, the Germans liquidated the Bohemian village of Lidice on June 6, 1942, killing men over the age of 16 and deporting women and children to concentration camps. Some of the children were gassed at Chelmno., protector of Bohemia and Moravia, by Czech resistance on May 27, 1942 in Prague. Male inhabitants of LidiceVillage in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, liquidated in retaliation for the assassination of Reinhard Heydrich, protector of Bohemia and Moravia, by Czech resistance on May 27, 1942 in Prague. Male inhabitants of Lidice that were over 16 years of age were killed on June 6, 1942. The village's women and children were deported to concentration camps, some of them later given to German families and germanized. Some of the children were gassed at Chelmno. that were over 16 years of age were killed on June 6, 1942. The village's women and children were deported to concentration camps, some of them later given to German families and germanized. Some of the children were gassed at ChelmnoKilling center opened in late December 1941 in incorporated western Poland [Wartheland], where the SS, using special mobile gas vans, killed more than 320,000 Jews from Lodz and Poznan as well as about 5,000 Austrian Gypsies incarcerated in the Lodz ghetto. The killing center at Chelmno operated from December 1941 to March 1943 and resumed operations between June/ July 1944 during the liquidation of the Lodz ghetto and January 1945..

List of ethnic Germanssearch for term

The "Deutsche VolkslisteThe "Deutsche Volksliste" (full title) was introduced in 1941 following decrees by the Minister of the Interior of the Reich, Wilhelm Frick, and Heinrich Himmler in his function as Kommissar für die Festigung des deutschen Volkstums [Commissioner for the strengthening of Germanhood]. It divided the population of the occupied territories into four categories. Category I: Persons of German descent who had engaged themselves in favour of the Reich before 1939. Category II: Persons of German descent who had remained passive. Category III: Persons of German descent who had become partly "polonized", e.g. through marrying a Polish partner or through working relationships (especially Silesians and Kashubians). Category IV: Persons of German ancestry who had become "polonized" and were supportive of »Germanisation«. Persons who had been assigned to one of these categories but were denying their ties to Germany were dealt with very harshly. Persons of categories III and IV were sent to Germany as labourers and recruited for the German army." (full title) was introduced in 1941 following decrees by the Minister of the Interior of the Reich, Wilhelm Frick, and Heinrich HimmlerEarly Nazi activist, participated in 1923 Beer Hall Putsch, acting propaganda leader of the Nazi party during 1920s, joined SS, 1926, appointed Reich Leader SS (RFSS), 1929, member of the Reichstag, 1930, chief of the Munich police and the Bavarian political police, 1933, consolidated police forces of all Länder under his command, 1933-1934, Reich Leader SS and Chief of the German Police in the Reich Ministry of the Interior, 1936, Reich Commissar for the Strengthening of German Ethnicity, 1939, Reich Minister of the Interior, 1943, committed suicide after arrest by British troops, May 1945. in his function as Kommissar für die Festigung des deutschen Volkstums [Commissioner for the strengthening of Germanhood]. It divided the population of the occupied territories into four categories. Category I: Persons of German descent who had engaged themselves in favour of the Reich before 1939. Category II: Persons of German descent who had remained passive. Category III: Persons of German descent who had become partly "polonized", e.g. through marrying a Polish partner or through working relationships (especially Silesians and Kashubians). Category IV: Persons of German ancestry who had become "polonized" and were supportive of »Germanisation«. Persons who had been assigned to one of these categories but were denying their ties to Germany were dealt with very harshly. Persons of categories III and IV were sent to Germany as labourers and recruited for the German army.

Synonyms: Deutsche Volksliste, Volksliste
Little Fortress Theresienstadtsearch for term

The Little Fortress was a police prison created by the Prague GestapoSecret State Police established in Prussia in 1933, by 1936, its authority extended throughout Germany. Together with the Kriminalpolizei, i.e., the nonuniformed detective forces, the Gestapo constituted the Sicherheitspolizei or Security Police. in June 1940, located across the Ohre River from the TheresienstadtThe German name for the Czech town of Terezin, located about 40 miles from Prague. In mid-October 1941, Theresienstadt was converted into a ghetto for Jewish deportees en route to killing centers in the East. More than 140,000 European Jews (73,000 from Bohemia and Moravia, 42,000 from Germany, 16,000 from Austria, 5,000 from the Netherlands, and a small number from Denmark) were imprisoned in Theresienstadt. Approximately 35,000 Jews died in the ghetto and 88,000 were redeported to the East. Barely 2,000 of the 15,000 children survived. The Soviet Army liberated Theresienstadt on May 8, 1945. ghettoThe Nazis revived the medieval term 'ghetto' to describe their compulsory "Jewish quarters". Ghettos were poor sections of a city where all Jews from the city and surrounding areas were forced to reside. Surrounded by barbed wire or walls, the ghettos were sealed and no one could leave. Established mostly in German-occupied Eastern Europe (for example, Lodz, Warsaw, Vilna, Riga, Minsk), the ghettos were characterized by overcrowding, starvation and heavy labor. All ghettos were eventually dissolved, and the Jews and Gypsies that had resided there were deported and murdered.. More than 32,000 political prisonersGerman and foreign political opponents of the Nazi regime were frequently arrested and sent to jails, labor and concentration camps. Their prisoner uniform had a red triangle, often with the initial for their country of origin (P for Poland, I for Italy). were held there between 1940 and 1945. Jews held in the Theresienstadt ghetto were at times also transferred to the Little Fortress for infractions of ghetto rules.

Synonyms: Terezin
Litzmannstadtsearch for term

Also known as "LodzAlso known as "Lodz." City in incorporated western Poland where the first major ghetto was created in April 1940. By September 1941, the ghetto's population faced severe overcrowding. In October 1941, 20,000 Jews from Germany, Austria, and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia were deported to the Lodz ghetto. A separate section of the ghetto was set up for approximately 5,000 Austrian Roma and Sinti. During 1942 and June-July 1944, there were massive deportations from Lodz to the killing center in Chelmno. In August-September 1944, the ghetto was dissolved and the remaining 60,000 Jews were sent to Auschwitz.." City in incorporated western Poland where the first major ghettoThe Nazis revived the medieval term 'ghetto' to describe their compulsory "Jewish quarters". Ghettos were poor sections of a city where all Jews from the city and surrounding areas were forced to reside. Surrounded by barbed wire or walls, the ghettos were sealed and no one could leave. Established mostly in German-occupied Eastern Europe (for example, Lodz, Warsaw, Vilna, Riga, Minsk), the ghettos were characterized by overcrowding, starvation and heavy labor. All ghettos were eventually dissolved, and the Jews and Gypsies that had resided there were deported and murdered. was created in April 1940. By September 1941, the ghetto's population faced severe overcrowding. In October 1941, 20,000 Jews from Germany, Austria, and the Protectorate of Bohemia and MoraviaThe German designation for the territories of Czechoslovakia occupied by the Wehrmacht on March 16, 1939. were deported to the LodzCity in incorporated western Poland, renamed Litzmannstadt, where the first major ghetto was created in April 1940. By September 1941, the ghetto's population faced severe overcrowding. In October 1941, 20,000 Jews from Germany, Austria, and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia were deported to the Lodz ghetto. A separate section of the ghetto was set up for approximately 5,000 Austrian Roma and Sinti. During 1942 and June-July 1944, there were massive deportations from Lodz to the killing center in Chelmno. In August-September 1944, the ghetto was dissolved and the remaining 60,000 Jews were sent to Auschwitz. ghetto. A separate section of the ghetto was set up for approximately 5,000 Austrian RomaConsidered a pejorative collective term for Roma and Sinti. These nomadic people are believed to have come originally from northwest India, which they left for Persia in the first millennium A.D. Traveling mostly in small caravans, Roma and Sinti first appeared in western Europe after the fourteenth century. By the sixteenth century, they had settled in every country of Europe. It is estimated that between 250,000-500,000 Roma and Sinti perished in the gas chambers, concentration camps, ghettos, and mass executions of German-occupied Europe during World War II. and SintiThe predominant populace of Gypsies residing in Central Europe, especially in Germany. (See "Gypsies," "Roma"). During 1942 and June-July 1944, there were massive deportations from Lodz to the killing center in ChelmnoKilling center opened in late December 1941 in incorporated western Poland [Wartheland], where the SS, using special mobile gas vans, killed more than 320,000 Jews from Lodz and Poznan as well as about 5,000 Austrian Gypsies incarcerated in the Lodz ghetto. The killing center at Chelmno operated from December 1941 to March 1943 and resumed operations between June/ July 1944 during the liquidation of the Lodz ghetto and January 1945.. In August-September 1944, the ghetto was dissolved and the remaining 60,000 Jews were sent to AuschwitzA complex of concentration, labor and extermination camps located approximately 40 miles west of Cracow in Upper Silesia (Poland). Established in 1940 as a concentration camp, it became a killing center in 1942. Auschwitz I was the central camp. Auschwitz II, also known as Birkenau, was the killing center. Auschwitz III, or Monowitz, was the IG Farben labor camps, also known as BUNA. In addition, there were numerous subsidiary camps. Auschwitz was liberated by the Soviet Army on January 27, 1945..

Synonyms: Lodz
Lodzsearch for term

City in incorporated western Poland, renamed LitzmannstadtCity in incorporated western Poland, renamed Litzmannstadt, where the first major ghetto was created in April 1940. By September 1941, the ghetto's population faced severe overcrowding. In October 1941, 20,000 Jews from Germany, Austria, and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia were deported to the Lodz ghetto. A separate section of the ghetto was set up for approximately 5,000 Austrian Roma and Sinti. During 1942 and June-July 1944, there were massive deportations from Lodz to the killing center in Chelmno. In August-September 1944, the ghetto was dissolved and the remaining 60,000 Jews were sent to Auschwitz., where the first major ghettoThe Nazis revived the medieval term 'ghetto' to describe their compulsory "Jewish quarters". Ghettos were poor sections of a city where all Jews from the city and surrounding areas were forced to reside. Surrounded by barbed wire or walls, the ghettos were sealed and no one could leave. Established mostly in German-occupied Eastern Europe (for example, Lodz, Warsaw, Vilna, Riga, Minsk), the ghettos were characterized by overcrowding, starvation and heavy labor. All ghettos were eventually dissolved, and the Jews and Gypsies that had resided there were deported and murdered. was created in April 1940. By September 1941, the ghetto's population faced severe overcrowding. In October 1941, 20,000 Jews from Germany, Austria, and the Protectorate of Bohemia and MoraviaThe German designation for the territories of Czechoslovakia occupied by the Wehrmacht on March 16, 1939. were deported to the LodzAlso known as "Lodz." City in incorporated western Poland where the first major ghetto was created in April 1940. By September 1941, the ghetto's population faced severe overcrowding. In October 1941, 20,000 Jews from Germany, Austria, and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia were deported to the Lodz ghetto. A separate section of the ghetto was set up for approximately 5,000 Austrian Roma and Sinti. During 1942 and June-July 1944, there were massive deportations from Lodz to the killing center in Chelmno. In August-September 1944, the ghetto was dissolved and the remaining 60,000 Jews were sent to Auschwitz. ghetto. A separate section of the ghetto was set up for approximately 5,000 Austrian RomaConsidered a pejorative collective term for Roma and Sinti. These nomadic people are believed to have come originally from northwest India, which they left for Persia in the first millennium A.D. Traveling mostly in small caravans, Roma and Sinti first appeared in western Europe after the fourteenth century. By the sixteenth century, they had settled in every country of Europe. It is estimated that between 250,000-500,000 Roma and Sinti perished in the gas chambers, concentration camps, ghettos, and mass executions of German-occupied Europe during World War II. and SintiThe predominant populace of Gypsies residing in Central Europe, especially in Germany. (See "Gypsies," "Roma"). During 1942 and June-July 1944, there were massive deportations from Lodz to the killing center in ChelmnoKilling center opened in late December 1941 in incorporated western Poland [Wartheland], where the SS, using special mobile gas vans, killed more than 320,000 Jews from Lodz and Poznan as well as about 5,000 Austrian Gypsies incarcerated in the Lodz ghetto. The killing center at Chelmno operated from December 1941 to March 1943 and resumed operations between June/ July 1944 during the liquidation of the Lodz ghetto and January 1945.. In August-September 1944, the ghetto was dissolved and the remaining 60,000 Jews were sent to AuschwitzA complex of concentration, labor and extermination camps located approximately 40 miles west of Cracow in Upper Silesia (Poland). Established in 1940 as a concentration camp, it became a killing center in 1942. Auschwitz I was the central camp. Auschwitz II, also known as Birkenau, was the killing center. Auschwitz III, or Monowitz, was the IG Farben labor camps, also known as BUNA. In addition, there were numerous subsidiary camps. Auschwitz was liberated by the Soviet Army on January 27, 1945..

Synonyms: Ghetto Litzmannstadt, Ghetto Lodz, Litzmannstadt
Lublinsearch for term

A city in eastern Poland, also the alternate name for the MajdanekNazi concentration and labor camp with killing center near Lublin in eastern Poland. Opened in late 1941 for men and women prisoners. Initially, Majdanek was a labor camp for Poles and a POW camp for Russians, it was classified as a concentration camp in April 1943. Like Auschwitz, it was also a major killing center. Majdanek was liberated by the Soviet Army in July 1944, one of the first war crimes trials was held there in October 1944. concentration and labor camp.

Ludmila Peškařová, neé Kadlecovasearch for term

1890-1987. Born in Sobotovice near Brünn. Study of music, worked as a music teacher since 1910. Moved to Rajhrad in 1912, marriage to Jan Peškař, teacher. After the setting up of the Protectorate of Bohemia and MoraviaThe German designation for the territories of Czechoslovakia occupied by the Wehrmacht on March 16, 1939. in March 1939, her husband joined the Czech resistance movement. Husband arrested in Brünn 1942 and murdered following the assassination of Reinhard Heydrich1904-1942. Head of the SS Security Service. In 1939, Heydrich combined the SD and the Security Police into the Central Office for Reich Security. He organized the Einsatzgruppen [task forces] and was asked by Göring to "implement the final solution." In 1941, Heydrich was appointed Protector of Bohemia and Moravia. On May 27, 1942, he was fatally wounded by Czech partisans. In retaliation for his assassination, the Germans liquidated the Bohemian village of Lidice on June 6, 1942, killing men over the age of 16 and deporting women and children to concentration camps. Some of the children were gassed at Chelmno.. Ludmilla Peškařová arrested in May 1943 for high treason because she had put two small black banners into her window in commemoration of her husband. Her 14-year-old son was left alone. After a five-month imprisonment at Brünn, where she started to write songs, she was transferred to RavensbrückConcentration camp for women opened near Fürstenberg, 56 miles north of Berlin, in May 1939. It was constructed on reclaimed swampland and built by male prisoners from Sachsenhausen during the winter of 1938-1939. Designed to hold 15,000 prisoners, Ravensbrück eventually held more than 120,000 women from 23 nations. The prisoners included political prisoners, Roma and Sinti, Jews, and Jehovah's Witnesses. It included a separate men's camp, a children's camp at Uckermark, and, from January to April 1945, a killing center. It was liberated by the Soviet Army in late April 1945. in October 1943 (prisoner number 24 072). Together with her camp mates, she secretly sang patriotic songs and composed more than 100 poems and songs until her liberation. She wrote down part of her work in summer 1945, after her return home. After her liberation and return home she became active in the association of resistance fighters. She died in 1987 at the age of 97.