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Janusz Korczak search for term

1878-1942. Pseudonym for Henryk Goldszmit. Educator, author, physician, and director of a Jewish orphanage in Warsaw. In 1912, founded a home for Jewish orphans in Warsaw that later was located inside the Warsaw ghettoEstablished in November 1940, the Warsaw Ghetto was surrounded by a wall and contained nearly 500,000 Jews and several thousand Gypsies. In 1941, about 45,000 Jews died there from overcrowding, hard labor, lack of sanitation, starvation, and epidemics. During 1942, most of the ghetto residents were deported to Treblinka, leaving 30,000 Jews in the ghetto. A revolt lasting 28 days took place in April-May 1943, when the Germans attempted to raze the ghetto and deport the remaining inhabitants to Treblinka.. Despite the possibility of personal freedom, he refused to abandon 200 orphans and was deported with them to TreblinkaKilling center on the Bug River northeast of Warsaw in the General Government (occupied Poland). Opened in July 1942, Treblinka was the largest of the three killing centers of Operation Reinhard. Between 700,000 and 860,000 Jews and several thousand Gypsies were killed there. A revolt of the inmates on August 2, 1943 destroyed most of the camp, and it was closed in November 1943. in 1942. Posthumous (1972) he was awarded the Peace Prize of the German Book Trade.

Jehovah's Witnessessearch for term

Religion founded in the United States with about 20,000- 30,000 members in Germany by the late 1920s. As a matter of religious belief, Witnesses refused to use the Hitler salute, salute the swastika flag, bear arms in war, or participate in the affairs of government. The Witnesses were banned and their presses confiscated in 1933. After 1935, many Witnesses lost jobs, homes, businesses, and pensions, since they were viewed as enemies of the state. They were arrested and imprisoned in concentration camps, where they were marked by a purple-colored triangle. More than 900 Witness children who refused to join the Hitler Youth were involuntarily removed from parental custody to Nazi penal institutions and juvenile homes. About 10,000 Witnesses from Germany, Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, the Netherlands, Norway, and Poland were arrested and deported to various concentration camps, between 2,500 and 5,000 of them died in DachauThe first durable concentration camp, near Munich, Germany, opened in late March 1933. At first, political opponents were interned in Dachau. Gradually more groups were incarcerated there. In Dachau, there was no mass extermination program, but out of a total of 206,206 registered prisoners, there were 31,591 registered deaths. However, the total number of deaths in Dachau, including victims of individual and mass executions and death marches, will never be fully known. On April 29, 1945, the camp was liberated by units of the U.S. Seventh Army., Bergen-BelsenOpened in 1940 as a prisoner-of-war camp, this facility was renamed Stalag 311 in 1941 when it housed approximately 20,000 Soviet POWs, 16,000-18,000 of these prisoners died of epidemics, malnutrition and exposure by 1942. The camp was renamed Bergen-Belsen in April 1943 and then held male and female Jews with foreign passports or visas who might be exchanged for German nationals held abroad. Between March 1944 and early 1945, Bergen-Belsen received prisoners from other camps for possible exchange as well as large numbers of prisoners evacuated from camps in the east. Rapidly deteriorating conditions led to massive epidemics, starvation and the deaths of thousands., BuchenwaldA concentration camp opened in 1937 on the Ettersberg hillside overlooking Weimar, Germany. The first German and Austrian Jewish prisoners arrived in 1938, German and Austrian Gypsy prisoners were deported there after July 1938. During the war, nearly 65,000 of Buchenwald's 250,000 prisoners perished, others died in its more than 130 satellite labor camps. Buchenwald was one of the few major camps where prisoners rebelled in the days preceding liberation by units of the U.S. Army on April 11, 1945., SachsenhausenConcentration camp for men opened in 1936. Located in Oranienburg, a suburb of Berlin and the site of an earlier "wild" concentration camp, Sachsenhausen was adjacent to the Inspectorate of the Concentration Camps. It held about 200,000 prisoners, of whom 100,000 perished. It was liberated by the Soviet army in late April 1945., RavensbrückConcentration camp for women opened near Fürstenberg, 56 miles north of Berlin, in May 1939. It was constructed on reclaimed swampland and built by male prisoners from Sachsenhausen during the winter of 1938-1939. Designed to hold 15,000 prisoners, Ravensbrück eventually held more than 120,000 women from 23 nations. The prisoners included political prisoners, Roma and Sinti, Jews, and Jehovah's Witnesses. It included a separate men's camp, a children's camp at Uckermark, and, from January to April 1945, a killing center. It was liberated by the Soviet Army in late April 1945., AuschwitzA complex of concentration, labor and extermination camps located approximately 40 miles west of Cracow in Upper Silesia (Poland). Established in 1940 as a concentration camp, it became a killing center in 1942. Auschwitz I was the central camp. Auschwitz II, also known as Birkenau, was the killing center. Auschwitz III, or Monowitz, was the IG Farben labor camps, also known as BUNA. In addition, there were numerous subsidiary camps. Auschwitz was liberated by the Soviet Army on January 27, 1945., MauthausenA camp for men opened in August 1938 near Linz. Mauthausen was established to exploit nearby stone quarries, it was classified by the SS as a camp of utmost severity. The prisoners included Italian, French, Yugoslavian, and Spanish political prisoners, Jews from Czechoslovakia and the Netherlands (1941), Gypsies from Austria (1938-40), nearly 30,000 Polish prisoners, and thousands of Soviet prisoners of war. The total number of prisoners who passed through Mauthausen is about 200,000, of whom 119,000 perished, including 38,000 Jews. Mauthausen was liberated by the U.S. Army on May 5, 1945., and other camps. More than 250 Witnesses were executed for refusing to serve in the German military.

Jewish Council search for term

A group of 12 to 24 Jewish men appointed by the Germans in the occupied Polish territories after 1 September 1939 to control the Jewish population which had been concentrated in ghettos before or at the same time, subject to the German civil administration whose orders it had to fulfil unconditionally. Its competencies further included administrative affairs, social welfare and health care. The Jewish Council was obliged to recruit and remunerate workers in accordance with the labour obligation of the male Jewish population, to organise their deployment to labour camps, collect and deliver contributions etc. Later, they were forced to collaborate in the deportationA Nazi euphemism for deportation. The forced relocation of Jews and Gypsies as well as Slavic native populations from their homes to other localities, usually to ghettos or concentration camps, labor camps and killing centers. Nazis referred to deportations as "evacuations" or "resettlements" to disguise this component of mass murder. of the Jewish population to the death camps. Some Jewish Councils were in charge of the Ordnungsdienst (security serviceThe Security Service, the SS security and intelligence service, established in 1932 under Reinhard Heydrich and incorporated in 1939 into the Reichssicherheitshauptamt, the Central Office for Reich Security.), the so-called Jewish Police who were not allowed to carry or use any weapons except rubber truncheons.

Synonyms: Judenrat
Joseph Goebbelssearch for term

1897-1945. Close associate of Adolf Hitler, joined the NSDAP (Nazi party) in 1922, in 1926 appointed district leader [Gauleiter] of Berlin-Brandenburg, from 1927 to 1935, edited his own weekly newspaper, "Der Angriff" ["The Assault"], devoted to spreading Nazi ideology. In 1929, Hitler appointed Goebbels as Reich propaganda leader of the Nazi party. On March 13, 1933, after the Nazis had assumed power, Hitler appointed Goebbels Reich Minister for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda.