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Final Solution search for term

Literally translated as "final solution of the Jewish problem in Europe," this was the Nazi code name for the mass murder of European Jews.

Synonyms: Endlösung, Endlösung der Judenfrage
Flossenbürgsearch for term

Nazi concentration camp for men, opened in May 1938, located in northeastern Bavaria. After 1943, women prisoners were also incarcerated at FlossenbürgNazi concentration camp for men, opened in May 1938, located in northeastern Bavaria. After 1943, women prisoners were also incarcerated at Flossenbürg, which eventually had more than 100 auxiliary labor camps. A total of 96,716 prisoners was registered, 30,000 of these prisoners were killed there. In the last year, 1,500 political prisoners, including Dietrich Bonhoeffer and members of the 1944 plot against Hitler, were executed there. The camp was liberated by U.S. 90th Infantry Divisions on April 23, 1945., which eventually had more than 100 auxiliary labor camps. A total of 96,716 prisoners was registered, 30,000 of these prisoners were killed there. In the last year, 1,500 political prisonersGerman and foreign political opponents of the Nazi regime were frequently arrested and sent to jails, labor and concentration camps. Their prisoner uniform had a red triangle, often with the initial for their country of origin (P for Poland, I for Italy)., including Dietrich BonhoefferBorn in 1906. Protestant theologian and one of the founders of the anti-Nazi Confessing Church in Germany after 1933. He was also involved in smuggling 15 Jews to Switzerland in 1942, which led to his arrest in early April 1943. After the July 1944 assassination attempt against Hitler, Bonhoeffer was sent to Buchenwald concentration camp. He was subsequently transferred to Flossenbürg concentration camp, where he was executed on April 9, 1945. and members of the 1944 plot against Hitler, were executed there. The camp was liberated by U.S. 90th Infantry Divisions on April 23, 1945.

Forced labor search for term

Prisoners from concentration camps and workers conscripted in occupied Poland and the Soviet Union were compelled to work, on starvation rations, in agriculture, highway building and factories for the German state during World War II. Labor was also viewed as a form of killing by attrition. Forced labor was introduced for SintiThe predominant populace of Gypsies residing in Central Europe, especially in Germany. (See "Gypsies," "Roma") and RomaConsidered a pejorative collective term for Roma and Sinti. These nomadic people are believed to have come originally from northwest India, which they left for Persia in the first millennium A.D. Traveling mostly in small caravans, Roma and Sinti first appeared in western Europe after the fourteenth century. By the sixteenth century, they had settled in every country of Europe. It is estimated that between 250,000-500,000 Roma and Sinti perished in the gas chambers, concentration camps, ghettos, and mass executions of German-occupied Europe during World War II. inside Nazi Germany in 1936, and after 1938 it was extended to German Jews and other concentration camp prisoners. Information from the Nuremberg trialsThe International Military Tribunal (opened in Berlin on October 18, 1945 and then continued in Nuremberg from November 1945 until October 1946) and also the twelve "successor" trials prosecuted by the United States between December 1946 and April 1949 against leaders of the Third Reich ministries, the military, industrial concerns, German legal and medical professions, and the SS. estimated that there were 12 million forced laborers.

Synonyms: Forced Labour, Zwangsarbeit
Four Year Plansearch for term

Devised by Adolf Hitler in 1936 for the rearmament of Germany as well as the restructuring of the German economy for war within a period of four years. The goals of the plan were in violation of the Treaty of Versailles. Hermann Göring was named commissioner for the implementation of this plan.

Synonyms: Vierjahresplan
Freemasonssearch for term

The Masonic movement, founded in eighteenth-century England, consisted of 690 fraternal lodges and about 70,000 Masons in Germany. In Nazi Germany, the anti-Masonic movement was linked to anti-Semitic propaganda. Masons could not be accepted into the Nazi party, and lodges were disbanded in September 1935 and their property confiscated. All lodge archives were confiscated and kept in the Central Office for Reich Security (RSHAAlso known as RSHA, the acronym for Reichssicherheitshauptamt, with headquarters located on Prinz Albrecht Strasse in Berlin. This Nazi administrative office was formed in September 1939 from the union of the Security Service and Security Police (the latter also included the Gestapo and the Kriminalpolizei [Central Detective Forces]). The RSHA was initially headed by Reinhard Heydrich. After Heydrich's assassination, Ernst Kaltenbrunner directed the RSHA from 1943-1945.) in Berlin. In August 1940, Masonic lodges in occupied Belgium and France were closed and their archives and property confiscated and sent to Berlin.

Fritz Cremer search for term

1906-1993. Sculptor and graphic artist, born in Arnsberg, Westphalia. He studied sculpture in Essen and Berlin from 1922-34 and became a communist in 1929. From 1946-50, Cremer was a professor at the Kunsthochschule [Vienna Art School]. In 1950, he emigrated to the German Democratic Republic, where he was one of the most recognized and important masters of realistic sculpture. Cremer's style shows the influence of Ernst Barlach and Käthe Kollwitz. His main works include memorials at AuschwitzA complex of concentration, labor and extermination camps located approximately 40 miles west of Cracow in Upper Silesia (Poland). Established in 1940 as a concentration camp, it became a killing center in 1942. Auschwitz I was the central camp. Auschwitz II, also known as Birkenau, was the killing center. Auschwitz III, or Monowitz, was the IG Farben labor camps, also known as BUNA. In addition, there were numerous subsidiary camps. Auschwitz was liberated by the Soviet Army on January 27, 1945. (1947), BuchenwaldA concentration camp opened in 1937 on the Ettersberg hillside overlooking Weimar, Germany. The first German and Austrian Jewish prisoners arrived in 1938, German and Austrian Gypsy prisoners were deported there after July 1938. During the war, nearly 65,000 of Buchenwald's 250,000 prisoners perished, others died in its more than 130 satellite labor camps. Buchenwald was one of the few major camps where prisoners rebelled in the days preceding liberation by units of the U.S. Army on April 11, 1945. (1952-58), and RavensbrückConcentration camp for women opened near Fürstenberg, 56 miles north of Berlin, in May 1939. It was constructed on reclaimed swampland and built by male prisoners from Sachsenhausen during the winter of 1938-1939. Designed to hold 15,000 prisoners, Ravensbrück eventually held more than 120,000 women from 23 nations. The prisoners included political prisoners, Roma and Sinti, Jews, and Jehovah's Witnesses. It included a separate men's camp, a children's camp at Uckermark, and, from January to April 1945, a killing center. It was liberated by the Soviet Army in late April 1945. (1959-60).

Fumikatsu Inoue search for term

Born in 1944. Japanese architect, designer of the Holocaust Memorial, "The Bud" [Erdknospe]. Co-organizer of World Reunion of Jewish Holocaust Survivors, executive board member of the Japanese Janusz Korczak Society and the International Institute for Research about the Holocaust and Genocide (Jerusalem), member of the planning committee for the Japan AuschwitzA complex of concentration, labor and extermination camps located approximately 40 miles west of Cracow in Upper Silesia (Poland). Established in 1940 as a concentration camp, it became a killing center in 1942. Auschwitz I was the central camp. Auschwitz II, also known as Birkenau, was the killing center. Auschwitz III, or Monowitz, was the IG Farben labor camps, also known as BUNA. In addition, there were numerous subsidiary camps. Auschwitz was liberated by the Soviet Army on January 27, 1945. Memorial in Tokyo.