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Belzecsearch for term

A killing center in German-occupied Poland. Originally a labor camp, BelzecA killing center in German-occupied Poland. Originally a labor camp, Belzec became a killing center after November 1, 1941 as part of Operation Reinhard. Belzec originally had three gas chambers that used carbon monoxide from a diesel engine. In June 1942, new gas chambers were built. In December 1942, transports to Belzec ceased and the camp shut down. Approximately 600,000 people, mostly Jews, were killed there and buried in mass graves. To destro evidence of their crimes, the Germans ordered the graves opened, the bodies exhumed and cremated, and the ashes buried. The camp was dismantled in spring 1943. became a killing center after November 1, 1941 as part of Operation ReinhardCode name for the operation to kill Jews in the three special killing centers, Belzec, Sobibor and Treblinka, in the General Government between March 1942 and October 1943. The name was coined in memory of Reinhard Heydrich, one of the central planners of the "final solution," who had been fatally wounded by Czech partisans in May 1942.. Belzec originally had three gas chambersSealed rooms in killing centers such as Auschwitz-Birkenau, Majdanek and other concentration camps, and also the killing centers of Operation T4. Jewish and other prisoners (Sinti, the disabled, etc.) were crowded into these rooms, and poison gas (Cyclon B) or carbon monoxide was released, killing the prisoners. Cyclon B was used at Auschwitz-Birkenau and Majdanek, the other killing centers used carbon monoxide. More than 3 million people were murdered in this way. that used carbon monoxide from a diesel engine. In June 1942, new gas chambers were built. In December 1942, transports to Belzec ceased and the camp shut down. Approximately 600,000 people, mostly Jews, were killed there and buried in mass graves. To destro evidence of their crimes, the Germans ordered the graves opened, the bodies exhumed and cremated, and the ashes buried. The camp was dismantled in spring 1943.

Bergen-Belsensearch for term

Opened in 1940 as a prisoner-of-war camp, this facility was renamed StalagPrisoner of war camp for enlisted men (Allied soldiers), usually under the jurisdiction of the German Army [Wehrmacht]. 311 in 1941 when it housed approximately 20,000 Soviet POWs, 16,000-18,000 of these prisoners died of epidemics, malnutrition and exposure by 1942. The camp was renamed Bergen-BelsenOpened in 1940 as a prisoner-of-war camp, this facility was renamed Stalag 311 in 1941 when it housed approximately 20,000 Soviet POWs, 16,000-18,000 of these prisoners died of epidemics, malnutrition and exposure by 1942. The camp was renamed Bergen-Belsen in April 1943 and then held male and female Jews with foreign passports or visas who might be exchanged for German nationals held abroad. Between March 1944 and early 1945, Bergen-Belsen received prisoners from other camps for possible exchange as well as large numbers of prisoners evacuated from camps in the east. Rapidly deteriorating conditions led to massive epidemics, starvation and the deaths of thousands. in April 1943 and then held male and female Jews with foreign passports or visas who might be exchanged for German nationals held abroad. Between March 1944 and early 1945, Bergen-Belsen received prisoners from other camps for possible exchange as well as large numbers of prisoners evacuated from camps in the east. Rapidly deteriorating conditions led to massive epidemics, starvation and the deaths of thousands.

Bernburgsearch for term

A state psychiatric hospital built in 1875, from 1940 to 1943, BernburgA state psychiatric hospital built in 1875, from 1940 to 1943, Bernburg was one of six state hospitals where the psychiatric and physically disabled as well as many thousands of concentration camp prisoners were killed in gas chambers using carbon monoxide. In Bernburg, more than 5,000 prisoners, mostly Jewish, from concentration camps at Buchenwald, Flossenbürg, Gross-Rosen, Neuengamme, Ravensbrück, and Sachsenhausen were killed under the "special operation 14f13." In 1943, killing was suspended and Bernburg again became nursing home. was one of six state hospitals where the psychiatric and physically disabled as well as many thousands of concentration camp prisoners were killed in gas chambersSealed rooms in killing centers such as Auschwitz-Birkenau, Majdanek and other concentration camps, and also the killing centers of Operation T4. Jewish and other prisoners (Sinti, the disabled, etc.) were crowded into these rooms, and poison gas (Cyclon B) or carbon monoxide was released, killing the prisoners. Cyclon B was used at Auschwitz-Birkenau and Majdanek, the other killing centers used carbon monoxide. More than 3 million people were murdered in this way. using carbon monoxide. In Bernburg, more than 5,000 prisoners, mostly Jewish, from concentration camps at BuchenwaldA concentration camp opened in 1937 on the Ettersberg hillside overlooking Weimar, Germany. The first German and Austrian Jewish prisoners arrived in 1938, German and Austrian Gypsy prisoners were deported there after July 1938. During the war, nearly 65,000 of Buchenwald's 250,000 prisoners perished, others died in its more than 130 satellite labor camps. Buchenwald was one of the few major camps where prisoners rebelled in the days preceding liberation by units of the U.S. Army on April 11, 1945., FlossenbürgNazi concentration camp for men, opened in May 1938, located in northeastern Bavaria. After 1943, women prisoners were also incarcerated at Flossenbürg, which eventually had more than 100 auxiliary labor camps. A total of 96,716 prisoners was registered, 30,000 of these prisoners were killed there. In the last year, 1,500 political prisoners, including Dietrich Bonhoeffer and members of the 1944 plot against Hitler, were executed there. The camp was liberated by U.S. 90th Infantry Divisions on April 23, 1945., Gross-Rosen, NeuengammeA concentration camp near Hamburg, Germany, opened in December 1938, initially as a satellite of Sachsenhausen concentration camp. Neuengamme became an independent camp in June 1940. British troops liberated Neuengamme on May 4, 1945., RavensbrückConcentration camp for women opened near Fürstenberg, 56 miles north of Berlin, in May 1939. It was constructed on reclaimed swampland and built by male prisoners from Sachsenhausen during the winter of 1938-1939. Designed to hold 15,000 prisoners, Ravensbrück eventually held more than 120,000 women from 23 nations. The prisoners included political prisoners, Roma and Sinti, Jews, and Jehovah's Witnesses. It included a separate men's camp, a children's camp at Uckermark, and, from January to April 1945, a killing center. It was liberated by the Soviet Army in late April 1945., and SachsenhausenConcentration camp for men opened in 1936. Located in Oranienburg, a suburb of Berlin and the site of an earlier "wild" concentration camp, Sachsenhausen was adjacent to the Inspectorate of the Concentration Camps. It held about 200,000 prisoners, of whom 100,000 perished. It was liberated by the Soviet army in late April 1945. were killed under the "special operation 14f13Extended Operation T 4 to the selection and murder of approximately 20,000 concentration camp prisoners deemed mentally ill or incapable of work. This extension of Operation T4 occurred between April 1941 and April 1943. The killings took place in T4 hospitals and sanatoriums. (See "Euthanasia")." In 1943, killing was suspended and Bernburg again became nursing home.

Białystok Ghettosearch for term

Set up by the Germans on 26 July 1941 for more than 40,000 Jewish men, women and children from Białystok and its surroundings; subject to the German civil administration of the Białystok district; organised resistance from November 1942 onwards by the Anti-Fascist Fighting Block; start of the so-called dissolution in the beginning of 1943; 800 persons were murdered on the spot, 10,000 were deported to the death camp of TreblinkaKilling center on the Bug River northeast of Warsaw in the General Government (occupied Poland). Opened in July 1942, Treblinka was the largest of the three killing centers of Operation Reinhard. Between 700,000 and 860,000 Jews and several thousand Gypsies were killed there. A revolt of the inmates on August 2, 1943 destroyed most of the camp, and it was closed in November 1943.; armed uprising by Jewish resistance fighters during the last "dissolution operation" (16 to 20 August 1943); their plan to fight their way through to Puszcza Knyszyńska with a group of ghettoThe Nazis revived the medieval term 'ghetto' to describe their compulsory "Jewish quarters". Ghettos were poor sections of a city where all Jews from the city and surrounding areas were forced to reside. Surrounded by barbed wire or walls, the ghettos were sealed and no one could leave. Established mostly in German-occupied Eastern Europe (for example, Lodz, Warsaw, Vilna, Riga, Minsk), the ghettos were characterized by overcrowding, starvation and heavy labor. All ghettos were eventually dissolved, and the Jews and Gypsies that had resided there were deported and murdered. inhabitants did not succeed; survivors were brought to the death camp at Treblinka. The Germans used the former ghetto grounds to resettle the Polish population from Białowieża.

Book burnings search for term

On May 10, 1933, book burnings occurred in most German university towns, orchestrated by the Nazi German Students' Association. Books by Jewish, left-wing and modernist authors were torched as "un-German." Books by American authors, including Helen Keller, Margaret Sanger, Upton Sinclair, Joseph Conrad, and Ernest Hemingway, were also burned. In the aftermath of the book burnings, many German writers and intellectuals fled in large numbers to safe havens in England, France and the United States.

Synonyms: Bücherverbrennung
Börgermoorsearch for term

The first Emsland camp opened in June 1933 and was marked by especially brutal conditions. In April 1934, the facility was changed into a prison camp for criminals, homosexualsPersecuted in Nazi Germany, homosexuals were affected by police raids and arrests after 1933. More systematic persecution occurred after 1935 under paragraph 175 of the German penal code. Arrest statistics for homosexuals jailed in Nazi Germany range from a low of 5,000 to a high of 40,000. Many German homosexuals were sent to concentration camps and forced labor camps, where they were vulnerable to brutal medical experiments, castration, and sterilization, in the camps they were marked by a pink triangle. Although their mortality rate is not fully known, it is believed that several hundred probably perished in the camps. The Nazis did not try to kill all homosexuals but tried to "convert them for procreation." There is no evidence of any arrests of lesbians in Nazi Germany., Sinti and RomaConsidered a pejorative collective term for Roma and Sinti. These nomadic people are believed to have come originally from northwest India, which they left for Persia in the first millennium A.D. Traveling mostly in small caravans, Roma and Sinti first appeared in western Europe after the fourteenth century. By the sixteenth century, they had settled in every country of Europe. It is estimated that between 250,000-500,000 Roma and Sinti perished in the gas chambers, concentration camps, ghettos, and mass executions of German-occupied Europe during World War II. (GypsiesThe predominant populace of Gypsies residing in Central Europe, especially in Germany. (See "Gypsies," "Roma")), and those condemned for high treason. In September 1944, 400 Night and FogThe Night and Fog Decree was an order issued on December 7, 1941 to seize "persons endangering German security," who were not to be executed immediately but were to vanish without a trace. It was applied against members of the resistance in western Europe. About 7,000 people, mostly French resistance fighters, were murdered in this operation. prisoners (western European resistance fighters) were deported to these camps.

Buchenwaldsearch for term

A concentration camp opened in 1937 on the Ettersberg hillside overlooking Weimar, Germany. The first German and Austrian Jewish prisoners arrived in 1938, German and Austrian Gypsy prisoners were deported there after July 1938. During the war, nearly 65,000 of BuchenwaldA concentration camp opened in 1937 on the Ettersberg hillside overlooking Weimar, Germany. The first German and Austrian Jewish prisoners arrived in 1938, German and Austrian Gypsy prisoners were deported there after July 1938. During the war, nearly 65,000 of Buchenwald's 250,000 prisoners perished, others died in its more than 130 satellite labor camps. Buchenwald was one of the few major camps where prisoners rebelled in the days preceding liberation by units of the U.S. Army on April 11, 1945.'s 250,000 prisoners perished, others died in its more than 130 satellite labor camps. Buchenwald was one of the few major camps where prisoners rebelled in the days preceding liberation by units of the U.S. Army on April 11, 1945.